Organic molecules {nucleotide}| can have a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group bound to a pentose sugar.
location
Mitochondria have nucleotide synthesis.
types
Nitrogenous base determines nucleotide type: purine or pyrimidine. Molecule can contain ribose sugar (RNA) or deoxyribose sugar (DNA). Nucleotides make RNA, DNA, ATP, NAD, FAD, CoA, and cyclic AMP.
nucleic acid
Nucleotides can link to other bases with phosphodiester bonds. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine are in DNA. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil are in RNA.
history
Levene and Bass isolated uridylic acid [1931].
Ribonucleotides make higher nucleotides by adding hydrogen atom using NADPH {deoxyribonucleotide} (DNA). Adenylate makes deoxyadenylate. Guanidylate makes deoxyguanidylate. Cytodylate makes deoxycytodylate. Uridylate makes deoxyuridylate. Deoxyuridylate methylation makes thymidylate. Thymine deoxyribonucleotide is stable and is in DNA, instead of uracil deoxyribonucleotide. Uracil ribonucleotide is in RNA, rather than thymine ribonucleotide, because thymine ribonucleotide easily changes into cytosine, but uracil ribonucleotide does not change.
Nucleotides {ribonucleotide} can have hydroxyl group at pentose-sugar second carbon.
Adenine and guanine {purine}| are double-ring nitrogenous bases synthesized from glycine, aspartate, glutamine, carbon dioxide, or methyl groups. Purine breaks down to urate.
Cytosine, thymine, and uracil {pyrimidine, nucleic acid}| are single-ring nitrogenous bases synthesized from carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate, which make carbamylaspartate, which becomes dihydroorotate, which NAD+ oxidizes to orotic acid, making pyrimidine ring. Orotic-acid nitrogen binds to ribose-ring first carbon by pyrophosphate, to make uridylate. Uridylate transamination can make cytidylate.
Nucleotides {nucleoside} can lose a phosphate group.
Nitrogen-containing molecules {base, nucleic acid} {nitrogenous base} can be purine or pyrimidine: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine in DNA, or uracil in RNA.
Rather than uracil, similar nucleotides {thymine} can be in DNA, because cytosine can deaminate to become uracil and so change DNA template too easily. If DNA cytosine deaminates, enzymes remove new uracils and replace with cytosine to repair chain.
Bonding uracil and three phosphate groups {uridine triphosphate} (UTP) can carry energy in phosphate bonds. Magnesium or calcium ions attach to phosphates, so ATPs have neutral charge.
5-Chemistry-Biochemistry-Nucleic Acid
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Date Modified: 2022.0225